The London East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy for psychosis IV: Self-esteem and persecutory delusions

Objectives. There has been a resurgence of interest in the view that persec utory delusions serve a function of defending self-esteem. An alternative a ccount of levels of self-esteem in individuals with persecutory delusions i s that they result from processes similar to those studied in people with d epression (i.e. from the occurrence of a range of life experiences and how the individual interprets and copes with them). This study aimed to examine both hypotheses together for the first time, and, as the literature indica tes that delusions may not share a common cause, attention was given to the possibility of the presence of subgroups. Design. Data were examined cross-sectionally and longitudinally from a rand omized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for 60 people with d rug-resistant psychosis. Method. The study is based on the initial assessment of all participants on self-esteem, delusional conviction and a large number of demographic, clin ical and cognitive measures. Longitudinal analyses were also carried out, a nd are reported separately for those who received the therapy intervention and those in the control group. Results. Almost three-quarters of participants with persecutory delusions r eported low self-esteem. Changes over time in total self-esteem correlated with changes in measures of mood and social functioning, but not conviction in persecutory delusions. The individuals who initially had normal levels of self-esteem displayed a different pattern of results from the majority o f participants. Conclusion. Low self-esteem in people with drug-resistant persecutory delus ions is common and, in most cases, can best be understood in terms of norma l emotional processes. There was evidence that the majority of persecutory delusions do not fit either strong or weak formulations of the delusion-as- defence explanation and that there may be subgroups with differing aetiolog ies. These results need to be replicated, and extended to groups in which s ymptoms are not resistant to medication.