Opposing effects of personal and collective self-esteem on interpersonal and intergroup comparisons

The relationship between self-esteem deriving from both personal and social identity and comparisons at both interpersonal and intergroup level was ex amined. Participants took part in individual and group brainstorming tasks which they later had the opportunity to evaluate. In the case of the indivi dual task, participants' own solutions were judged in conjunction with solu tions provided by a member of their ingroup and a member of the outgroup. E br the group task, the ingroup solution was compared with an outgroup solut ion. Both personal and collective self-esteem were found to influence these ratings, but in different ways. In terms of intergroup comparisons, partic ipants with high personal self-esteem (PSE) showed greatest ingroup bias. I n contrast, this same effect was associated with low public collective-self esteem (CSE), that is, people who felt that their group was viewed negativ ely differentiated most strongly. Furthermore, this opposition of the effec ts of PSE and CSE also applied to the interpersonal comparisons. Participan ts with high PSE self-enhanced relative to participants with low PSE, while the reverse pertained for CSE scores. Participants with low private CSE ra ted both their own and the ingroup member's solution more positively than t he outgroup solution. An analysis is presented which explains these effects in terms of threat experienced as a result of incongruency between compara tive context and optimal identity enhancement strategies. (C) 1998 John Wil ey & Sons, Ltd.