To what extent is surgery superior to endoscopic therapy in the managementof chronic pancreatitis?

The surgeon was the only figure involved in the management of chronic pancr eatitis patients unresponsive to medical treatment until a few years ago. N owadays, because of less invasive, endoscopy offers a seductive alternative to surgery. Up to now no clinical prospective and randomized data comparin g the results of the two different approaches are available. Surgery, seems to be the only solution for chronic pancreatitis with duodenal stenosis an d the last chance of eliminating diagnostic uncertainty. Also in the case o f biliary tract involvement surgery should be regarded as the procedure of choice, inasmuch as the stenosis is benign and generally long-lasting, and endoscopic treatment would have to be repeated several times; endoscopy, in this indication, should be reserved only for patients who present contrain dicating surgery conditions (such as severe jaundice, colangitis etc.); the endoscopist should assess whether to insert a stent or a naso-biliary drai nage tube referring the patient back to the surgeon once good clinical cond itions have been restored. Endoscopy and surgery should be regarded not as adversaries in the management of chronic pancreatitis and its complications , but as complementary procedures in an integrated approach. The maximum de gree of complementarity should be achieved in the management of pseudocysts and in, cases presenting severe, incapacitating pain. In selected cases en doscopy can play a definitive role. The generally good surgical outcomes, m oreover should convince endoscopists not to insist with repented, hazardous manoeuvres in cases of failure. Particularly interesting is the possibilit y of performing endoscopic sphincterotomy combined with extracorporeal shoc k-wave lithotripsy prior to surgical treatment in cases of chronic calcifyi ng calcific pancreatitis. The crushing of the calculi and partial clearance of the duct have simplified surgery and complete clearance of the duct in those patients receiving such treatment in our experience.