Distance-dependence in herbivory and foliar condition for juvenile Shorea trees in Bornean dipterocarp rain forest

We assessed density- and distance-dependence in herbivore effects and juven ile condition for four species of Shorea, the most speciose genus in the do minant canopy family of southeast Asian rain forest trees (Dipterocarpaceae ). Herbivore damage was quantified as partial leaf loss on young leaves, an d whole plant foliar condition as the product of the fraction of leaf nodes containing leaves and the fraction of tissue remaining on extant leaves. A dults of the four species were centers of high total, as well as conspecifi c, density of juveniles(<1 m tall). For two species, S. hopeifolia and S. p inanga, herbivore damage declined significantly with distance, decreasing b y 40% and 51% respectively, between 5 m and 35 m from the parent. For the s ame two species, foliar condition improved significantly between 5 m and 35 m, increasing by 45% for S. hopeifolia and 24% for S. pinanga. If foliar c ondition influences juvenile survival and growth, more widely dispersed see ds of these species are more likely to recruit to the canopy. In contrast, there was no significant distance-dependence for S. parvifolia or S. longis perma. Among species, herbivore damage was greatest in those species with g reatest local juvenile abundances, i.e., those with highest densities, leaf size, juvenile foliar mass and/or foliar mass/m(2) ground area, but was un related to the toughness of mature leaves. However, distance was a better p redictor of herbivore damage than was conspecific juvenile density, as eval uated by backward elimination regressions, for both S. hopeifolia and S. pi nanga. For foliar condition, the best predictor was distance for S. pinanga , but conspecific density for S. hopeifolia, whose juveniles were smallest and occurred at the highest densities. Total juvenile density (all woody pl ants) was eliminated as a factor in all cases. The species-specificity of e ffects (i.e., their dependence on conspecific distance or density), togethe r with the marked differences among congeneric species, caution against gen eralizations regarding distance-dependent effects in diverse forests.