Frequency of anal sphincter rupture at delivery in Sweden and Finland - result of difference in manual help to the baby's head

Background. Anal sphincter rupture is a serious complication of vaginal del ivery and almost half the affected women have persistent defecatory symptom s despite adequate primary repair. During the past decade, the incidence of anal sphincter ruptures has been increasing in Sweden and is currently est imated to occur in 2.5% of vaginal deliveries. The aim of the study was to report the frequency of anal sphincter ruptures in two university hospitals in two Scandinavian countries, Malmo in Sweden and Turku in Finland, and a nalyze the potential determinants. Method's. Retrospective analysis of a population of 30,933 deliveries (26,5 41 vaginal) during the years 1990 to 1994. Results. The incidence of anal sphincter ruptures in Malmo, Sweden was 2.69 %, and in Turku, Finland 0.36%. There were no significant population differ ences for the known risk factors (fetal weight, nulliparity or fetal head c ircumference). However, there is a difference in manual support given to th e perineum and to the baby's head when crowning through the vaginal introit us between Malmo and Turku. The proportion of operative vaginal deliveries and abnormal presentations was significantly higher in Turku reflected in t he lower Apgar score at 5 minutes and longer duration of second phase of la bor. When high risk deliveries (operative vaginal delivery, abnormal presen tation and newborns over 4,000 g) were excluded, the risk for anal sphincte r ruptures was estimated to be 13 times higher in Malmo than in Turku, Conclusions. The difference in the incidence of anal sphincter rupture betw een Malmo Sweden and Turku, Finland may be due to the difference in manual control of the baby's head when crowning.