Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans

Soybean consumption may be protective against hormone-dependent cancers, po ssibly in part because of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, which are weakly estrogenic. This paper reviews our studies of the metabolism and di sposition of these phytoestrogens in humans. During 1 mo of daily soy inges tion in a metabolic unit [1.065 L (36 oz) soymilk, providing 80-210 mg of e ach isoflavone daily], women initially excreted more isoflavone conjugates in urine than did men. Recoveries of conjugates of genistein, daidzein, and equol were 24%, 66%, and 28% of the amounts ingested in women, respectivel y, and 15%, 47%, and 15%, respectively, of those in men. A progressive decr ease in urinary excretion of genistein and daidzein was observed in women b ut not in men during the study. At least 10% of ingested daidzin was excret ed in urine as equol conjugate in one man and one woman after the first soy ingestion. Three more women but no more men developed the ability to produ ce and excrete large amounts of equol. Absorption rate constants (k(a)) of the isoflavones were estimated to be 0.24-0.50 h(-1). The elimination rates (k(e)) for genistein, daidzein, and equol were 0.1, 0.16, and 0.08 h(-1), respectively, in women and 0.19, 0.25, and 0.13 h(-1), respectively, in men . Thus, the excretion half-life values of genistein were longer in women (7 , 4, and 9 h, respectively) than in men (4, 3, and 5 h, respectively) after the first soy ingestion. The excretion half-life shortened progressively i n women but lengthened progressively in men over the study period. Thus, is oflavone metabolism and disposition were affected by the duration of soy in gestion and by sex.