High-risk collective action: Defending human rights in Chile, Uruguay, andArgentina

Under what conditions will individuals risk their lives to resist repressiv e states? This question is addressed through comparative analysis of the em ergence of human rights organizations under military dictatorships in Chile , Uruguay, and Argentina. While severe state repression is expected to lead to generalized demobilization, these cases reveal that repression may dire ctly stimulate collective action. The potential for sustained collective ac tion in high-risk contexts depends upon the relationship between strategies of repression and the particular configuration of embedded social networks ; it is more likely where dense yet diverse interpersonal networks are embe dded within broader national and transnational institutional and issue netw orks.