Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in the beaver

We investigated how information about family membership is coded by the ind ividually specific anal gland secretion (AGS) in the beaver, Castor canaden sis. Because beavers live in strict family units and relatives share more f eatures in the AGS profile than non-relatives, family members share more AG S features than non-family members. Therefore, family recognition seems to be a natural consequence of the more specific kin recognition. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed two possibilities in coding for family membe rship using the multi-component AGS: either two (female) to three (male) AG S compounds or many compounds were used, but we were not able to determine which possibility is more likely. Compounds were not equally important in c oding family membership information, and the interactions among compounds w ere complex. We attempted to reconstruct a lineage tree for the relationshi p among different families using two-three or many compounds. We found ther e was no significant difference for trees constructed by using few or many compounds in either males or females. However, the trees derived from male compounds and female compounds lacked good congruence.