Adventitial vasa vasorum in balloon-injured coronary arteries - Visualization and quantitation by a microscopic three-dimensional computed tomographytechnique

Objectives. The objective of this study was to examine the quantitative res ponse of the adventitial vasa vasorum to balloon-induced coronary injury. Background. Recent attention has focused on the role of vasa vasorum in ath erosclerotic and restenotic coronary artery disease. However, the three-dim ensional anatomy of these complex vessels is largely unknown, especially af ter angioplasty injury. The purpose of this study was to visualize and quan titate three-dimensional spatial patterns of vasa vasorum in normal and bal loon injured porcine coronary arteries. We also studied the spatial growth of vasa vasorum in regions of neointimal formation. A novel imaging techniq ue, microscopic computed tomography, was used for these studies. Methods. F our pigs were killed 28 d after coronary balloon injury, and four pigs with uninjured coronary arteries served as normal controls. The coronary arteri es were injected with a low viscosity, radiopaque liquid polymer compound. Normal and injured coronary segments were scanned using a microscopic compu ted tomography technique. Three-dimensional reconstructed maximum intensity projection and voxel gradient shading images were displayed at different a ngles and voxel threshold values, using image analysis software. For quanti tation, seven to 10 cross-sectional images (40 normal and 32 balloon injure d cross-sections) were captured from each specimen at a voxel size of 21 mu m. Results. Normal vasa vasorum originated from the coronary artery lumen, pri ncipally at large branch points. Two different types of vasa were found and classified as first-order or second-order according to location and direct ion. In balloon-injured coronary arteries, adventitial vasa vasorum density was increased (3.16 +/- 0.17/mm(2) vs. 1.90 +/- 0.06/mm(2), p = 0.0001; re spectively), suggesting neovascularization by 28 d after vessel injury. Als o, in these injured arteries, the vasa spatial distribution was disrupted c ompared with normal vessels, with proportionally more second-order vasa vas orum. The diameters of first order and second order vasa were smaller in no rmal compared with balloon-treated coronary arteries (p = 0.012 first-order ; p < 0.001, second order; respectively). The density of newly formed vasa vasorum was proportional to vessel stenosis (r = 0.81, p = 0.0001). Althoug h the total number of vasa was increased after injury, the total vascular a rea comprised of vasa was significantly reduced in injured vessels compared with normals (3.83 +/- 0.20% to 5.42 +/- 0.56%, p = 0.0185). Conclusions. Adventitial neovascularization occurs after balloon injury. Th e number of new vessels is proportional to vessel stenosis. These findings may hold substantial implications for the therapy of vascular disease and r estenosis. (J Am Coil Cardiol 1998;32:2072-9) (C) 1998 by the American Coll ege of Cardiology.