PCR sequencing of the spike genes of geographically and chronologically distinct human coronaviruses 229E

A reverse transcription nested PCR (RT-PCR) sequencing methodology was deve loped and used to generate sequence data from the spike genes of three geog raphically and chronologically distinct human coronaviruses 229E. These thr ee coronaviruses were isolated originally from the USA in the 1960s (human coronavirus 229E strain ATCC VR-74), the UK in the 1990s (human coronavirus 229E LRI 281) and Ghana (human coronavirus 229E A162). Upon translation an d alignment with the published spike protein sequence of human coronavirus 229E 'LP' (isolated in the UI( in the 1970s), it was found that variation w ithin the translated protein sequences was rather limited. In particular, m inimal variation was observed between the translated spike protein sequence of human coronaviruses 229E LP and ATCC VR-74 (1/1012 amino acid differenc es), whilst most variation was observed between the translated spike protei n sequence of human coronaviruses 229E LP and A162 (47/1012 amino acid chan ges). Further, the translated spike protein sequence of human coronavirus 2 29E A162 showed three clusters of amino acid changes, situated within the 5 ' half of the translated spike protein sequence. (C) 1998 Published by Else vier Science B.V. All rights reserved.