Diagnosis and treatment of common metabolic spinal disorders in the geriatric population

Background. Bone is constantly resorbed and remodeled throughout life. Afte r approximately age 30, there is a net loss of bone mass. This places the g eriatric population at an increased risk of pathologic bone disorders that can lead to fractures and deformity. Methods. In this paper, we review bone metabolism and remodeling and introd uce the proper diagnostic techniques. The most common pathologic spinal dis orders are introduced, with emphasis on presentation and treatment options. Results. To prevent excessive bone loss, patients should be educated on pro per nutrition (calcium and vitamin D requirements) and lifestyle (avoiding alcohol and cigarette smoking). Sex hormone and drug therapies are availabl e to reduce bone loss. New bisphosphonates such as alendronate sodium (Fosa max) have been effective in increasing bone mass. Conclusions. Early diagnosis and proper treatment of pathologic bone disord ers can reduce the incidence of fracture and allow the patient a more produ ctive and comfortable life.