The development of the immune system and vitamin levels in the bovine fetus and neonate: A review including the effect of vitamins on the immune system

The immune system of the bovine fetus develops relatively early and when in fected by parovirus develops IgM and IgG antibodies at 93 days. The blood p lasma concentrations of beta-carotene and vitamins A and E in fetuses is lo w but is correlated positively with the dietary intake of the dam. Ascorbic acid is synthesised in the liver in early development. Following an intake of colostrum blood plasma concentrations of beta-carotene and vitamins A a nd E of the calf increases. The administration of a preparation of vitamin A (5-10 x 10(5) IU), vitamins D-3 (2-5 x 10(4) IU), vitamin E (2-3 g) and a scorbic acid (2-3 g) in the first three hours of life with the simultaneous intake of colostrum stimulates the activity of the immune system and stora ge. As enteric and respiratory system infections lower the blood plasma con centrations of these vitamins, the parenteral administration of a preparati on containing them is advisable.