Ecotypic correlations between stable isotopic signals and skeletal size ind
icate that some Late Cretaceous serial planktic foraminifera were strongly
photosymbiotic. In contrast, coeval trochospiral planktic foraminifera do n
ot exhibit the isotope/size signatures that typify strongly photosymbiotic
species. Comparison to Cenozoic taxa demonstrates that photosymbiosis has r
ecurred throughout planktic foraminiferal history and has evolved independe
ntly in superfamilies characterized by very different gross skeletal morpho
logies. The historical contingency of that evolution is illustrated by the
consequences of the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, which terminated
the Cretaceous lineages of photosymbiotic planktic foraminifera but did not
permanently extinguish photosymbiont reliance by planktic foraminifera.