Tertiary lagoons, or maturation ponds, have generally been viewed as an eff
ective and low-cost method of removing pathogens from wastewater. Their low
operation and maintenance costs have made them a popular choice for wastew
ater treatment, particularly in developing countries since there is little
need for specialised skills to run the systems. This paper provides a criti
cal review of the literature on the removal mechanisms operating in tertiar
y lagoons, and their overall performance. Numerous physical and chemical pa
rameters have been suggested as factors involved in bacterial removal, and
particular attention is paid in this paper to the relationship between pH,d
issolved oxygen concentration and light. Very little information is availab
le on the mechanisms of removal for intestinal parasites or viruses, or for
BOD, COD or heavy metals. The two proposed mechanisms for nitrogen removal
(ammonia volatilisation and sedimentation of organic nitrogen) are discuss
ed. It has become obvious from the wide variations in performance reported
in the literature that the design criteria currently in use for lagoons are
not adequate. It is thought that by gaining a better understanding of the
removal mechanisms operating in the lagoons, the design of new lagoons can
be improved. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.