We have examined doxorubicin's (DOX) physical state in solution and inside
EPC/cholesterol liposomes that were loaded via a transmembrane pH gradient.
Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) we noted that DOX loaded to
200-300 mM internal concentrations in citrate containing liposomes formed l
inear, curved, and circular bundles of fibers with no significant interacti
on/perturbation of the vesicle membrane. The individual DOX fibers are puta
tively comprised of stacked DOX molecules. From end-on views of bundles of
fibers it appeared that they are aligned longitudinally in a hexagonal arra
y with a separation between fibers of approx. 3-3.5 nm. Two distinct small
angle X-ray diffraction patterns (oblique and simple hexagonal) were observ
ed for DOX-citrate fiber aggregates that had been concentrated from solutio
n at either pH 4 or 5. The doxorubicin fibers were also present in citrate
liposomes loaded with only one-tenth the amount of doxorubicin used above (
approx. 20 mM internal DOX concentration) indicating that the threshold con
centration at which these structures form is relatively low. In fact, from
cryo-EM and circular dichroism spectra, we estimate that the DOX-citrate fi
ber bundles can account for the vast majority (> 99%) of DOX loaded via a p
H gradient into citrate buffered liposomes. DOX loaded into liposomes conta
ining lactobionic acid (LBA), a monoanionic buffer to control the internal
pH, remained disaggregated at internal DOX concentrations of approx. 20 mM
but formed uncondensed fibers (no bundles) when the internal DOX concentrat
ion was approx. 200 mM. This finding suggests that in the citrate containin
g liposomes the citrate multianion electrostatically bridged adjacent fiber
s to form the observed bundles. C-13-NMR measurements of [1,5-C-13]citrate
inside liposomes suggested that citrate 'bound' to the DOX complex and 'fre
e' citrate rapidly exchange indicating that the citrate-DOX interaction is
quite dynamic. DOX release into buffer was relatively slow (< 4% at 1 h) fr
om liposomes containing DOX fibers (in citrate loaded to a low or high DOX
concentration or in LBA liposomes loaded to a high internal DOX concentrati
on). LBA containing liposomes loaded with disaggregated DOX, where the inte
rnal DOX concentration was only approx. 20 mM, experienced an osmotic stres
s induced vesicle rupture with as much as 18% DOX leakage in less than 10 m
in. The possible implications for this in vivo are discussed. (C) 1998 Else
vier Science B.V. All rights reserved.