Wr. Tyor et al., UNIFYING HYPOTHESIS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF HIV-ASSOCIATED DEMENTIA COMPLEX, VACUOLAR MYELOPATHY, AND SENSORY NEUROPATHY, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology, 9(4), 1995, pp. 379-388
Neurological diseases associated with HIV infection include dementia,
vacuolar myelopathy, and sensory neuropathy. Although in vitro studies
suggest that other nervous system cell types could harbor HIV, immuno
histochemical and in situ hybridization studies have indicated that on
ly macrophages/microglia are significantly infected in the central ner
vous system. In the peripheral nervous system, even HIV-infected macro
phages are rare. Therefore, theories regarding the pathogenesis of HIV
-associated neurologic disorders have centered around the elaboration
of substances that may be toxic to neurons, oligodendrocytes or myelin
. These potential toxins include HIV proteins, cellular metabolites, a
nd cytokines. In this review we present evidence that there are large
numbers of macrophages/microglia present in the nervous system of pati
ents with these diseases and that they produce tumor necrosis factor (
TNF)-alpha. The large increase in macrophage activity late in HIV infe
ction may be due to the diminution in production by CD4-positive T cel
ls of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 which are inhibit
ors of macrophage activities. We hypothesize that HIV-associated demen
tia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and sensory neuropathy are directly
or indirectly related to the increased numbers of macrophages found in
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve. Future therapies may be dir
ected towards inhibition of macrophage functions.