Bioelectromagnetics: The state of the science

Electromagnetic exposure, fi om Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) to Radio Freq uency (RF), at field intensity or Specific Absorption Rate (S.A.R.) values below the current safety standards, can affect biological processes. In thi s paper, we discuss a biophysical basis for assessing the effects of low-in tensity ELF-RF fields, with specific emphasis on ion binding as a first int eraction step. The actual endogenous potential energy (U-end) of the ion in the binding crevice must be consistent with the data provided by the prote in data bank. We developed a method for evaluating U-end from the protein d ata, which has been incorporated in the Langevin-Lorentz (L-L) classic or i n the Zeeman-Stark (Z-S) quantum modelling of a ligand ion-receptor protein system. The models include a metabolic force which emulates the basal stat e of any living cell.