Mature and nurture do not operate independently of each other, and to
an important degree, genetic effects on behavior came about because th
ey either influence the extent to which the individual is likely to be
exposed to individual differences in environmental risk or they affec
t how susceptible the individual is to environmental adversities. The
time has came for an explicit research focus an the forms of interplay
between genes and environment and on how this interplay is involved i
n the causal mechanisms for the origins of antisocial behavior and for
its persistence or desistance over time. Molecular genetics has an ev
en greater potential than quantitative genetics for understanding envi
ronmental risk mechanisms and the interplay between nature and nurture
.