Eb. Cowling et al., Optimizing air quality management in Europe and North America: Justification for integrated management of both oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen, ENVIR POLLU, 102, 1998, pp. 599-608
No nutrient element is more important than nitrogen in governing the develo
pment of living organisms and in determining the pollution climate of the e
arth. So far, the processes of enhancing agricultural and forest production
and making pollution-control adjustments in the industrial, commercial, ag
ricultural, and transportation systems of society have proceeded in more or
less complete isolation from concern about the environmental consequences
of human alterations in the nitrogen cycle of the earth. Also, most polluti
on abatement and mitigation strategies have so far been aimed at resolving
one or another particular societal pollution problem in which oxidized and
reduced forms of nitrogen play a part. The time has come to consider altern
ative, more fully integrated strategies and tactics by which to optimize so
cietal efforts to maintain or increase agricultural and forest production w
hile also enhancing the effectiveness and decreasing the cost of abating or
mitigating various nitrogen-induced aspects of soil-, air-, and water poll
ution. In this paper we explore three general ideas: (1) some important sim
ilarities and differences in agriculture, forestry, and industry in the Net
herlands and North Carolina and what they mean for nitrogen pollution manag
ement in our two home societies, (2) justification for adopting a "total fi
xed nitrogen approach" rather than continuing to deal with oxidized and red
uced forms of nitrogen separately, and (3) developing a "concept of optimum
nitrogen management for society".