Functionalized rhodium intercalators for DNA recognition

A series of rhodium complexes containing the phenanthrenequinone diimine (p hi) ligand have been prepared which bind DNA by intercalation and, upon pho toactivation, promote DNA strand breaks. In this series, the ancillary, non intercalating bipyridyl or phenanthroline ligands have been functionalized to yield complexes containing guanidinium, amido, or amino groups arranged with defined stereochemistry for site-specific interaction with the DNA bas es. Lambda-1-[Rh(MGP)(2)phi](5+) (MGP = 4-(guanidylmethyl)-1,10-phenanthrol ine) site-specifically targets the 6-base pair sequence 5'-CATATG-3' with a binding affinity of 1 (+/-0.5) x 10(8) M-1 while Delta-1-[Rh(MGP)(2)phi](5 +) displays an affinity of 5 (+/-2) x 10(7) M-1 for 5'-CATCTG-3'. Even thou gh these two isomers target sites which differ by only a single base, bindi ng is highly enantioselective. The specificity is derived chiefly from inte ractions of the pendant guanidinium groups with the DNA bases. For the race mates of 1-[Rh(GEB)(2)phi](5+) (GEB = (4-(2-guanidylethyl)-4'-methyl-2, 2'- bipyridine) and 1-[Rh(GPB)(2)phi](5+) (GPB = (4-(2-guanidylpropyl)-4'-methy l-2,2'-bipyridine), photocleavage patterns also show the strongest site of photocleavage as 5'-CATCTG-3', the target site for Delta-1-[Rh(MGP)(2)phi]( 5+). Moreover, consistent with the dominance of the guanidinium groups in e stablishing specificity, significantly enhanced photocleavage is evident fo r the 1-positional isomer of these complexes, where the guanidinium moietie s are directed toward the DNA (above and below the ph ligand) compared to t he 2-isomer, in which the guanidinium groups are directed away from the DNA . In contrast to Lambda-1-[Rh(MGP)(2)phi](5+), Lambda-1-[Rh(GEB)(2)phi](5+) shows little cleavage at 5'-CATATG-3'; this sensitivity to linker length l ikely depends on the mode of recognition of 5'-CATATG-3' involving sequence -dependent unwinding of the DNA site. Analogous site-specificity or isomer- specificity is not evident with the complexes which contain pendant amido o r amino functionalities. Instead these complexes appear to resemble the par ent, unfunctionalized [Rh(phen)(2)phi](3+) with respect to recognition. Pen dant guanidinium functionalities appear to be particularly advantageous in the construction of small molecules which bind DNA with site-specificity.