International cooperation for solving the avalanche problem in Turkey

Due to its geographical location, geology and topography, Turkey mainly und ergoes three different types of natural disasters related to gravity flows. They are floods, landslides and snow avalanches. The heavy snow falls during winter pose the hazard of snow avalanches. Acco rding to statistics, 800 people were killed in snow avalanches during the p eriod of 1960-1997. Within the program of the International Decade of Natur al Disaster Reduction (1990-2000), an international cooperation has been in itiated among SFISAR (Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Resear ch), CEMAGREF (Centre National du Machinisme Agricole du Genie Rural des Ea ux at des Forets) and AFET (Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Settlement , General Directorate of Disaster Affairs). This three-year project started in 1994 as a development project on avalanche forecasting, mapping, zoning and paravalanche construction technologies. For the pilot project area, th e Soganli Mountains located in north-eastern Turkey were chosen, covering a n area of approximately 40 by 30 km. After training the Turkish engineers, the basic technologies in avalanche forecasting and avalanche mapping were transferred from Switzerland and France to Turkey with the necessary infras tructure. The difficulties faced in meteorological data collection with the help of local observers and the Limited data available caused some delay i n avalanche forecasting. If automatic weather stations could take the place of manual work the realization of a prognosis would be quicker. At present , avalanche-hit houses are rebuilt in new disaster-free zones by AFET. With this project, the idea of using paravalanche structures for protection is promoted. The physico-sociological impacts of avalanche disasters, avalanch e mapping and zoning of disaster areas on local people are also studied.