Infant and child growth and fatness and fat distribution in Guatemalan adults

To examine whether poor growth in utero or young childhood is associated wi th adult abdominal fatness in a developing country context, the authors ana lyzed prospectively collected data on 372 female and 161 male Guatemalans m easured as children between 1969 and 1977 and remeasured as adults in 1988- 1989 (men and women) and 1991-1994 (women only). Childhood stunting (height -for-age z score) was associated with a lower body mass index and percent b ody fat in men, while no associations were found in women. In both sexes, h owever, severely stunted children had significantly greater adult abdominal fatness (waist:hip ratio), once overall fatness and confounders were contr olled. The adult waist:hip ratio (x100) was increased by 0.65 (95% confiden ce interval 0.10 to 1.20) in men and 0.29 (95% confidence interval -0.03 to 0.61) in women for each height-for-age z score less at age three, Migratio n to urban centers was significantly associated with an even greater waist: hip ratio in severely stunted females (p = 0.03). In a subsample of 137 wom en, short and thin newborns had significantly greater adult abdominal fatne ss compared with long and thin or short and fat newborns or children who be came stunted postnatally. The adult waist:hip ratio (x100) was increased by 1.58 (95% confidence interval 0.35 to 2.81) for each kilogram less birth w eight. The authors conclude that, in countries where maternal and child mal nutrition exists alongside rapid economic development and urban migration, abdominal obesity and related chronic diseases are likely to increase.