Ovarian development in overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Homoptera : Psyllidae): Seasonality and effects of photoperiod

Effects of photoperiod, time of year, temperature, and an insect growth reg ulator (fenoxycarb) on ovarian development rate in overwintering pear psyll a, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were determined. Winterform pear psylla were collected from the field at intervals between October and February, an d reared at 20 degrees C and one of three treatments: short-day photoperiod , long-day photoperiod, or short-day photoperiod + fenoxycarb. Insects were then dissected at intervals to score ovarian development. Baseline scores (i.e., ovarian development in the field on date of collection) increased ve ry slowly between October and February. By mid-February, only about 20% of insects in the field were categorized as having postdiapause status based u pon ovarian development. In the laboratory, time required for insects to re ach postdiapause status decreased between the October and February collecti on dates. Number of days necessary for 50% of the long-day insects to reach postdiapause status was approximately 2 weeks in October, 6 days in Decemb er, and a days in February. Short-day insects also required fewer than 2 da ys in February, but required >2 weeks in the October and December samples. Our results suggested that insects collected in January and February had co mpleted diapause but that ovarian development was subsequently prevented in the field by low temperatures. Fenoxycarb caused rapid ovarian development even in October-collected insects; rate of development was only slightly m ore rapid in the February-treated psylla.