Conserved cysteines of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease are involved in regulation of polyprotein processing and viral maturation of immature virions

We investigated the role of the two highly conserved cysteine residues, cys teines 67 and 95, of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protea se in regulating the activity of that protease during viral maturation. To this end, we generated four HIV-1 molecular clones: the wild type, containi ng both cysteine residues; a protease mutant in which the cysteine at posit ion 67 was replaced by an alanine (C67A); a C95A protease mutant; and a dou ble mutant (C67A C95A). When immature virions were produced in the presence of an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, KNI-272, and the inhibitor was later remov ed, limited polyprotein processing was observed for wild-type virion prepar ations over a 20-h period, Treatment of immature wild-type virions with the reducing agent dithiothreitol considerably improved the rate and extent of Gag processing, suggesting that the protease is, in part, reversibly inact ivated by oxidation of the cysteine residues. In support of this, C67A C95A virions processed Gag up to fivefold faster than wild-type virions in the absence of a reducing agent. Furthermore, oxidizing agents, such as H2O2 an d diamide, inhibited Gag processing of wild-type virions, and this effect w as dependent on the presence of cysteine 95. Electron microscopy revealed t hat a greater percentage of double-mutant virions than wild-type virions de veloped a mature-like morphology on removal of the inhibitor. These studies provide evidence that under normal culture conditions the cysteines of the HIV-1 protease are susceptible to oxidation during viral maturation, thus preventing immature virions from undergoing complete processing following t heir release. This is consistent with the cysteines being involved in the r egulation of viral maturation in cells under oxidative stress.