Utilization of heterogeneous grasslands by domestic herbivores: Theory to management

Domestic herbivores often utilize heterogeneous grasslands unevenly which c an lead to resource degradation. However, uneven grazing can be beneficial for biodiversity. To fulfill multiple land use goals, prediction and manage ment of spatial grazing patterns of livestock are essential. Simulation mod els based on optimal foraging theory have been useful for quantifying some underlying behavioral mechanisms. Controlled behavioral studies have shown that livestock have cognitive abilities sufficient to solve complex spatial tasks. Livestock appear to evaluate the tradeoffs between travel costs and forage quality and quantity. Recent studies of grazing behavior and spatia l movement patterns of livestock have led to development and reevaluation o f management tools to modify grazing distribution. Providing water, supplem ent, salt, shade and shelter can attract livestock to underutilized feeding sites. Selecting animals that are more willing to climb slopes and travel far from water may improve forage use in rugged terrain. To ensure the sust ainability and productivity of heterogeneous grasslands, managers must be a ble to understand and manipulate livestock grazing patterns. Continued rese arch at both theoretical and applied levels is needed. (C) Elsevier/Inra.