TiO2 nanoparticles are prepared by vapor-phase hydrolysis of TiCl4 below 55
0 degrees C and are characterized by TEM, XRD and XPS before and after heat
treatment at various temperatures. It shows that anatase/amorphous particl
es start to transform to rutile at certain temperature. Such transformation
temperature tends to decrease with the decrease of particle size. When the
rutile phase starts to be formed, the particles grow rapidly, while they g
row slowly before the appearance of rutile titania, The Ti2p(3/2) binding e
nergies tend to increase as particle sizes decrease, especially for particl
es below 50 nm in size. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.