Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence responses of three south-westernYucca species to elevated CO2 and high temperature

The ability of seedlings to tolerate temperature extremes is important in d etermining the distribution of perennial plants in the arid south-western U SA, and the manner in which elevated CO2 impacts the ability of plants to t olerate high temperatures is relatively unknown, Whereas the effects of chr onic high temperature (30-38 degrees C) and elevated CO2 are comparatively well understood, little research has assessed plant performance in elevated CO2 during extreme (> 45 degrees C) temperature events, We exposed three s pecies of Yucca to 360 and 700 mu mol CO, mol(-1) for 8 months, then 9 d of high temperature (up to 53 degrees C) to evaluate the impacts of elevated CO2 on the potential for photosynthetic function during external high tempe rature. Seedlings of a coastal C-3 species (Yucca whipplei), a desert C-3 s pecies (Yucca brevifolia), and a desert CAM species (Yucca schidigera), wer e used to test for differences among functional groups. In general, Yuccas exposed to elevated CO2 showed decreases in carboxylation efficiency as com pared with plants grown at ambient before the initiation of high temperatur e, The coastal species (Y. whipplei) showed significant reductions (33%) in CO2 saturated maximum assimilation rate (A(max)), but the desert species ( Y. brevifolia and Y. schidigera) showed no such reductions in A(max). Stoma tal conductance was lower in elevated CO2 as compared with ambient througho ut the temperature event; however, there were species-specific differences over time. Elevated CO2 enhanced photosynthesis in Y. whipplei at high temp eratures for a period of 4 d, but not for Y. brevifolia or Y. schidigera, E levated CO2 offset photoinhibition (measured as F-v/F-m) in Y. whipplei as compared with ambient CO2, depending on exposure time to high temperature. Stable F-v/F-m in Y. whipplei occurred in parallel with increases in the qu antum yield of photosystem II (Phi PSII) at high temperatures in elevated C O2. The value of Phi PSII remained constant or decreased with increasing te mperature in all other treatment and species combinations, This suggests th at the reductions in F-v/F-m resulted from thermal energy dissipation in th e pigment bed for Y. brevifolia and Y. schidigera, The greater efficiency o f photosystem II in Y. whipplei helped to maintain photosynthetic function at high temperatures in elevated CO2. These patterns are in contrast to the hypothesis that high temperatures in elevated CO2 would increase the poten tial for photoinhibition, Our results suggest that elevated CO2 may offset high-temperature stress in coastal Yucca, but not in those species native t o drier systems, Therefore, in the case of Y. whipplei, elevated CO2 may al low plants to survive extreme temperature events, potentially relaxing the effects of high temperature on the establishment in novel habitats.