Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in critically ill patients: incidenceover six years and associated factors

Objective: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with a high mortali ty. The present study sought to determine the incidence of spontaneous ICH in an intensive care unit (ICU) and associated factors. Design: A 6 year retrospective study. Setting: A general ICU in a university hospital. Patients: All ICU patients developing ICH were included in the study. All t rauma and neurosurgical patients were excluded, as well as patients who wer e admitted to the ICU because of ICH. Measurements and results: During the study period 3032 patients were hospit alized in the ICU, and 834 were excluded. The remaining 2198 patients compr ised the study population. Computed tomography of the head was performed in a total of 227 patients, and the 9 patients found to have new onset ICH co mprise the group of interest. None of these patients were hypertensive. Sev en of the patients had either a primary hematologic malignancy or bone marr ow transplantation. Eight had thrombocytopenia of < 100 x 10(9)/1 (median 1 0 x 10(9)/1, range 3-150 x 10(9)/1), and in 6 it preceded ICH by 5 days or more. Only in one patient were both PTT and PT prolonged. All were mechanic ally ventilated with high peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) (median 37 cmH(2) O, range 20-43 cmH(2)O). Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was consid erably elevated (median 65 mmHg, range 41-87 mmHg). All of the patients had impaired renal and hepatic function (urea: median 14 mmol/l, range 9.9-52 mmol/l; bilirubin: median 94 mu mol/l, range 20-360 mu mol/l), and five had septicemia. Eight of the patients bled to other sites before they develope d ICH. All patients died shortly after the diagnosis of ICH. Conclusions: Spontaneous nonhypertensive ICH is a rare, fatal event in the ICU. Associated factors include thrombocytopenia, the need for mechanical v entilation, elevated PIP and PaCO2, sepsis, and impaired hepatic and renal function.