Charge ordering in electron-doped manganates

Electron-doped rare-earth manganates of the type Ca(1-x)Ln(x) MnO3 (Ln = La , Nd, Gd or Y) with x = 0.2 and 0.3 show charge ordering in the 150-270 K r ange, but the charge-ordering transition temperature, T-CO generally decrea ses with the decrease in the size of the A-site cations, a trend exactly op posite to that for hole-doped manganates. On the other hand, T-CO increases with x or the electron concentration. These trends are also seen for Ca1-x BixMnO3 compounds (T-CO = 300 K for x = 0.3) which show transitions to a mo re distorted orthorhombic structure below T-CO. In Ca(1-x)Ln(x) MnO3, Cr do ping does not melt the charge-ordered state, unlike the case for the hole-d oped systems. CaMnO2.82, for which electron doping is affected by anion vac ancies, appears to show charge ordering at around 200 K.