Digital watermarking of text, image, and video documents

The ease of reproduction, distribution, and manipulation of digital documen ts creates problems for authorized parties that wish to prevent illegal use of such documents. To this end, digital watermarking has been proposed as a last line of defense. A digital watermark is an imperceptible. robust, se cure message embedded directly into a document. The watermark is impercepti ble both perceptually and statistically. Robustness means that the watermar k cannot be removed or modified unless the document is altered to the point of no value. The watermark is secure if unauthorized parties cannot erase or modify it. Current watermarking schemes may be viewed as spread-spectrum communications systems. which transmit a message redundantly using a low-a mplitude, pseudo-noise carrier signal. An example highlights the basic mech anisms and properties of spread spectrum and their relation to watermarking . Finally, specific issues in watermarking of text, images. and video are d iscussed, along with watermarking examples. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.