The Rat guanine nucleotide exchange factors are direct targets of Ras, prov
iding a mechanism for Ral activation by extracellular signals, In addition,
Ral can be activated by a Ras-independent pathway. Ral guanine nucleotide
exchange factors contribute to cellular transformation induced by oncogenic
Ras through an Erk-independent mechanism which may involve activation of t
ranscription.