Y. Zhang et al., Daidzein and genistein glucuronides in vitro are weakly estrogenic and activate human natural killer cells at nutritionally relevant concentrations, J NUTR, 129(2), 1999, pp. 399-405
Daidzein and genistein glucuronides (DG and GG), major isoflavone metabolit
es, may be partly responsible for biological effects of isoflavones, such a
s estrogen receptor binding and natural killer cell (NK) activation or inhi
bition. DG and GG were synthesized using 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat l
iver microsomes. The K-m and V-max for daidzein and genistein were 9.0 and
7.7 mu mol/L, and 0.7 and 1.6 mu mol/(mg protein min), respectively. The ab
sence of ultraviolet absorbance maxima shifts in the presence of sodium ace
tate confirmed that the synthesized products were 7-O-glucuronides. DG and
GG were further purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column. DG and GG competed wit
h the binding of 17 beta-(H-3) estradiol to estrogen receptors of B6D2F1 mo
use uterine cytosol. The concentrations required for 50% displacement of 17
beta-(H-3) estradiol (CB50) were: 17 beta-estradiol, 1.34 nmol/L; diethyls
tilbestrol, 1.46 nmol/L; daidzein, 1.6 mu mol/L; DG, 14.7 mu mol/L; geniste
in, 0.154 mu mol/L; GG, 7.27 mu mol/L. In human peripheral blood NK cells,
genistein at <0.5 mu mol/L and DG and GG at 0.1-10 mu mol/L enhanced NK cel
l-mediated K562 cancer cell killing significantly (P < 0.05). At > 0.5 mu m
ol/L, genistein inhibited NK cytotoxicity significantly (P < 0.05). The glu
curonides only inhibited NK cytotoxicity at 50 mu mol/L. Isoflavones, and e
specially the isoflavone glucuronides, enhanced activation of NK cells by i
nterleukin-2 (IL-2), additively. At physiological concentrations, DG and GG
were weakly estrogenic, and they activated human NK cells in nutritionally
relevant concentrations in vitro, probably at a site different from IL-2 a
ction.