Synthesis, characterisation and metal ion binding properties of crown ethers incorporating 4,5-dioxyxanthones

An efficient preparation of 4,5-dihydroxyxanthone, 5, is described, and its incorporation into crown ethers with 18-, 21- and 24-membered macrocyclic arrays, 3 (n = 3, 4 and 5), and a model compound, 4,5-diethoxyxanthone, 10. Metal ion complexation of the crowns causes a strong quenching of the high ly fluorescent 4,5-diethoxyxanthone chromophore. Binding constants for comp lex formation with sodium, potassium, and caesium ions in methanolic soluti on have been measured by spectrofluorimetric and conductimetric methods and range from <10(2) for 3 (n = 5) binding sodium ion to 4.1 x 10(3) for 3 (p r = 4) binding potassium ion. The behaviour of the 4,5-dioxyxanthones in aq ueous sulfuric acid mixtures has been examined by UV spectroscopy and treat ment of the data by the excess acidity method yields -2.6 < pK(a) < -2.3 fo r the conjugate acids with 0.33 < m* < 0.40. The behaviour of the crowns co ntaining 4,5-dioxyxanthones is compared with that of analogues containing 1 ,8-dioxyxanthones.