Incidence from coincidence: patterns of tick infestations on rodents facilitate transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus has a highly focal distribution through Eurasia. Endemic cycles appear to depend on the transmission of non-system ic infections between ticks co-feeding on the same rodent hosts. The partic ular features of seasonal dynamics and infestation patterns of larval and n ymphal Ixodes ricinus, but not Dermacentor reticulatus, from 4 regions with in TBE foci in Slovakia, are such as to promote TBE virus transmission. The distributions of larvae and nymphs on their principal rodent hosts are hig hly aggregated and, rather than being independent, the distributions of eac h stage are coincident so that the same ca. 20 % of hosts feed about three- quarters of both larvae and nymphs. This results in twice the number of inf ectible larvae feeding alongside potentially infected nymphs compared with the null hypothesis of independent distributions. Overall, co-feeding trans mission under these circumstances brings the reproductive number (R-0) for TBE virus to a level that accounts quantitatively for maintained endemic cy cles. Essential for coincident aggregated distributions of larvae and nymph s is their synchronous seasonal activity. Preliminary comparisons support t he prediction of a greater degree of coincident seasonality within recorded TBE foci than outside. This identifies the particular climatic factors tha t permit such patterns of tick seasonal dynamics as the primary predictors for the focal distribution of TBE.