Theoretical and treatment issues of personality disorders in individualistic and collectivistic societies

The author will attempt to equate so-called personality disorders with what used to be called psychoneurosis. Some suggestions for theoretical and tec hnical modifications to apply psychoanalysis and psychotherapy on selective cases within the current managed care environment have been offered. In or der to develop a comprehensive and effective psychotherapy system. a collab oration of psychotherapists both in collectivistic and individualistic soci eties is highly desirable. Furthermore, the differences of personality diso rder and neurosis in both social structure are either minimal or insignific ant from a psychotherapeutic point of view.