Lower ureteral reconstruction

Lower ureteral reconstruction is commonly performed in instances of congeni tal anomalies and ureteral injury. Keys to a successful outcome are an unde rstanding of ureteral anatomy, familiarity with the principles of tissue ha ndling, and the knowledge of various techniques of repair. This article pre sents some important and useful reconstructive techniques that can be consi dered in the management of patients with congenital anomaly or lower ureter al injury.