Cadaveric dissections were carried out to examine the relationship of the c
ardiac valve structures to the surface anatomy of the chest as it relates t
o our approaches to minimally invasive valvular operations. The techniques
of upper hemisternotomy and lower hemisternotomy as used at our institution
are described. (Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:266-8) (C) 1999 by The Society of
Thoracic Surgeons.