Diffusion barriers limit the effect of mobile calcium buffers on exocytosis of large dense cored vesicles

Fast exocytosis in melanotropic cells, activated by calcium entry through v oltage-gated calcium channels, is very sensitive to mobile calcium buffers (complete block at 800 mu M ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N, N'N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)). This indicates that calcium diffuses a subst antial distance from the channel to the vesicle. Surprisingly, 1,2-bis(2-am inophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), having a similar K-D for calcium as EGTA but a similar to 100 times faster binding rate, blocked exocytosis only twice as effectively as EGTA. Using computer simulations, we demonstrate that this result cannot be explained by free diffusion and b uffer binding rates. We hypothesized that local saturation of calcium buffe rs is involved. A diffusion barrier for both calcium and buffer molecules, located 50-300 nm from the membrane and reducing diffusion 1000 to 10,000 t imes, generated similar calcium concentrations for specific concentrations of EGTA and BAPTA. With such barriers, calcium rise phase kinetics upon sho rt step depolarizations (2-20 ms) were faster for EGTA than for BAPTA, impl ying that short depolarizations should allow exocytosis with 50 mu M EGTA b ut not with 25 mu M BAPTA. This prediction was confirmed experimentally wit h capacitance measurements. Coupling exocytosis to calcium dynamics in the model, we found that a barrier with a similar to 3000 times reduced diffusi on at similar to 130 nm beneath the membrane best explains the experimental ly observed effects of EGTA and BAPTA on block and kinetics of release.