Research on framing is characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness
. This is due, in part, to the lack of a commonly shared theoretical model
underlying framing research. Conceptual problems translate into operational
problems, limiting the comparability of instruments and results. In this p
aper I systematize the fragmented approaches to framing in political commun
ication and integrate them into a comprehensive model. I classify previous
approaches to framing research along two dimensions. the type of frame exam
ined (media frames vs. audience frames) and the way frames are operationali
zed (independent variable or dependent variable). I develop a process model
of framing, identifying four key processes that should be addressed in fut
ure research:frame building, frame setting individual-level processes of fr
aming, and a feedback loop from audiences to journalists.