Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan

The 115-ha boreal Wallace Lake watershed, located on Isle Royale in the Lak e Superior Basin, receives moderate anthropogenic atmospheric N inputs (3 k g ha(-1) yr(-1)). Ecosystem response to atmospheric N inputs is, in part, d etermined by internal production and consumption of this Limiting nutrient. The objectives of this 2-yr study on plots dominated by birch, spruce, or alder were to quantify forest floor and surface soil net and gross N minera lization rates, and examine potential effects of changes in temperature and moisture on these processes Gross N mineralization rates were 23 times net mineralization rates, and increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Substrate quality was a likely factor in higher gross mineraliza tion rates beneath birch and spruce. Ammonium immobilization increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Higher net N mineralization ra tes beneath alder resulted from lower microbial immobilization rather than greater gross N mineralization. The greatest differences between gross N mi neralization and immobilization occurred in early summer. Ammonium immobili zation averaged 62% of gross N mineralization. Net and gross nitrification rates differed by vegetation type, were highest in spring and fall, and inc reased with moisture. Gross nitrification was 19 times net nitrification ra tes. Nitrate immobilization increased,vith soil moisture, and equalled or e xceeded gross nitrification. Net and gross N mineralization or nitrificatio n rates were not correlated. Seasonal variation in forest Boor and surface soil N cycling coupled with high ecosystem retention of precipitation N inp uts suggest streamwater N concentrations and output reflect trends in soil processes.