Salvage after severe lower-extremity trauma: Are the outcomes worth the means?

Advances in reconstructive surgery have allowed for impressive salvage afte r severe lower-extremity trauma but not without complications when compared with immediate below-knee amputation. Several amputation index scores have been developed to help predict successful salvage as defined by a viable r ather than a functional extremity. The purpose of this study was to evaluat e retrospectively the predictive value of the amputation index scores and t o assess prospectively overall health status and specific dysfunction in su ccessful limb salvage and primary and secondary amputation by administering standardized generic and specific outcomes questionnaires (Medical Outcome s Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Western Ontario and MacMaster Uni versities Osteoarthritis Index). A retrospective chart review identified 55 severe lower-extremity injuries (Gustilo Type IIIB and IIIC) over a 12-year period (1984 to 1996). Forty-si x severe open tibial fractures in 45 patients underwent attempted salvage, All required soft-tissue coverage by either local or free flap or vascular repair for leg salvage. The attempted-salvage group was subdivided into suc cessful salvage and secondary amputation. The other nine patients underwent a primary amputation. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of patient demographics or other injuries (Injury Severity Score) in the three groups. Forty-eight of 54 patients with an average 5-year foll ow-up completed a validated generic and specific outcomes health questionna ire. In the attempted-salvage group, 89 percent of patients had a successfu l salvage and 11 percent came to a secondary amputation. The amputation ind ex scores correctly predicted an amputation in 32 percent of patients. The magnitude of the amputation index scores did not correlate with the physica l outcomes scores and were not found to add any significant value of inform ation to the surgeon's decision making. Patients undergoing primary and sec ondary amputation had a worse physical outcomes score (28 versus 38) than s uccessful salvage (p < 0.007). Even so, the SF-36 (physical component score ) outcomes score for this group of injured extremities, regardless as to wh ether salvaged or amputated, was as low as or lower than that of manu serio us medical illnesses, suggesting that severe lower-extremity trauma impairs health as much as or more than being seriously ill. The mental component s core in this group Mns comparable to that of a healthy population (49 versu s 50), which implies the disability is primarily physical rather than psych ological. Ninety-two percent of patients preferred their salvaged leg to an amputation at any stage of their injury, and none would hale preferred a p rimary amputation.