Last Glacial Maximum climate of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data

An improved concept of the best analogues method was used to reconstruct th e Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climate from a set of botanical records from t he former Soviet Union and Mongolia. Terrestrial pollen and macrofossil tax a were grouped into broad classes - plant functional types (PFTs), defined by the ecological and climatic parameters used in the BIOME1 model. PFT sco res were then calibrated in terms of modern climate using 1245 surface poll en spectra from Eurasia and North America. In contrast to individual taxa, which exhibit great variability and may not be present in the palaeoassembl ages, even in suitable climates, PFTs are more characteristic of the vegeta tion types. The modified method thus allows climate reconstruction at time intervals with partial direct analogues of modern vegetation (e.g. the LGM) . At 18 kBP, mean temperatures were 20-29 degrees C colder than today in wi nter and 5-11 degrees C colder in summer in European Russia and Ukraine. Si tes from western Georgia show negative, but moderate temperature anomalies compared to today: 8-11 degrees C in January and 5-7 degrees C in July. LGM winters were 7-15 degrees C colder and summers were 1-7 degrees C colder i n Siberia and Mongolia. Annual precipitation sums were 50-750 mm lower than today across northern Eurasia, suggesting a weakening of the Atlantic and Pacific influences. Reconstructed drought index shows much drier LGM condit ions in northern and mid-latitude Russia, but similar to or slightly wetter than today around the Black Sea and in Mongolia, suggesting compensation o f precipitation losses by lower-than-present evaporation.