A comparison between neural-network forecasting techniques - Case study: River flow forecasting

Estimating the flows of rivers can have significant economic impact, as thi s can help in agricultural water management and in protection from water sh ortages and possible hood damage. The first goal of this paper is to apply neural networks to the problem of forecasting the flow of the River Nile in Egypt. The second goal of the paper is to utilize the time series as a ben chmark to compare between several neural-network forecasting methods. We co mpare between four different methods to preprocess the inputs and outputs, including a novel method proposed here based on the discrete Fourier series . We also compare between three different methods for the multistep ahead f orecast problem: the direct method, the recursive method, and the recursive method trained using a backpropagation through time scheme. We also includ e a theoretical comparison between these three methods. The final compariso n is between different methods to perform longer horizon forecast, and that includes ways to partition the problem into the several subproblems of for ecasting K steps ahead.