An empirical isochrone of very massive stars in R136a

We report on a detailed spectroscopic study of 12 very massive and luminous stars (M greater than or similar to 35M.) in the core of the compact clust er R136a, near the center of the 30 Doradus complex. The three brightest st ars of the cluster, R136a1, R136a2, and R136a3, have been investigated earl ier by de Koter, Heap, & Hubeny. Low-resolution spectra (<200 km s(-1)) of the program stars were obtained with the GHRS and FOS spectrographs on the Hubble Space Telescope. These instruments covered the spectral range from 1 200 to 1750 Angstrom and from 3200 to 6700 Angstrom, respectively. Fundamen tal stellar parameters were obtained by fitting the observations by model s pectra calculated with the unified ISA-WIND code of de Koter et al. supplem ented by synthetic data calculated using the program TLUSTY. We find that t he stars are almost exclusively of spectral type O3. They occupy only a rel atively narrow range in effective temperatures between 40 and 46 kK. The re ason for these similar T-eff's is that the isochrone of these very massive stars, which we determined to be at similar to 2 Myr, runs almost verticall y in the H-R diagram. We present a quantitative method of determining the e ffective temperature of O3-type stars based on the strength of the O v lamb da 1371 line. Present-day evolutionary calculations by Meynet et al. imply that the program stars have initial masses in the range of M-i similar to 3 7-76 M.. The observed mass-loss rates are up to 3 (2) times higher than is assumed in these evolution tracks when adopting a metallicity Z = 0.004 (0. 008) for the LMC. The high observed mass-loss rates imply that already at a n age of similar to 2 Myr the most luminous of our program stars will have lost a significant fraction of their respective initial masses. For the lea st luminous stars investigated in this paper, the observed mass loss agrees with the prediction by the theory of radiation-driven winds (Kudritzki et al.). However, for increasing luminosity the observed mass loss becomes lar ger, reaching up to 3-4 times what is expected from the theory. Such an inc reasing discrepancy fits in with the results of de Koter et al., where an o bserved overpredicted mass-loss ratio of up to 8 was reported for the brigh test members of the R136a cluster, for which M-i similar to 100 M. was foun d. The failure of the theory is also present when one compares observed ove r predicted wind momentum as a function of wind performance number. This st rongly indicates that the shortcoming of the present state of the theory is connected to the neglect of effects of multiple photon momentum transfer.