Classification of the mycoparasite Gliocladium roseum in Clonostachys as C-rosea, its relationship to Bionectria ochroleuca, and notes on other Gliocladium-like fungi

Because the common soil fungus and mycoparasite Gliocladium roseum differs from the type species of Gliocladium, G. peniclllioides, in morphology ecol ogy, teleomorph, and DNA sequence data, it is classified in a separate genu s, Clonostachys. Penicillium roseum is the oldest available name for G. ros eum and is recombined as C. rosea. Penicillium roseum described from potato in Germany, is neotypified by a conidial isolate originating from a fungal substratum in European soil. By choosing this strain as neotype for P. ros eum the epithet is formally linked to the common soil fungus used in the bi ocontrol of fungal plant pathogens. The anamorph of Bionectria ochroleuca ( Hypocreales) is morphologically indistinguishable from C. rosea; both morph s are redescribed. Bionectria is generically distinct from Nectria s. s. an d is the appropriate genus for species of the Nectria ochroleuca group. The anamorph genus Gliocladium s. s. is associated with teleomorphs in Sphaero stilbella and Hypocrea series Pallidae. With the separation of Clonostachys from Gliocladium and Bionectria from Nectria the generic classification re flects natural relationships. A generic circumscription is proposed for Clo nostachys and compared with Gliocladium. Nectriopsis sporangiicola and Roum egueriella rufula are related to Bionectria but have distinct Gliocladium-l ike anamorphs. Based on morphological features, Rhopalocladium myxophilum g en. et sp. nov. is proposed for the anamorph of N. sporangiicola. The anamo rph of Roumegueriella rufula is generally found in association with the tel eomorph and is referred to as Gliocladium-like.