Aa. Stern et al., SEASONAL WING LOADING AND THE ONTOGENY OF FLIGHT IN PHYLLOSTOMUS-HASTATUS (CHIROPTERA, PHYLLOSTOMIDAE), Journal of mammalogy, 78(4), 1997, pp. 1199-1209
We measured postnatal changes in wing morphology and flight capability
in free-ranging Phyllostomus hastatus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). A
rea of wing, wingspan, and aspect ratio increased until volancy, while
wing loading reached its lowest values at and after weaning. Young be
gan to fly in their 7th week, when wing area, aspect ratio, and wingsp
an had reached 84, 95, and 89%, respectively, of values for adult fema
les. Foraging time increased as young achieved volancy. Estimates of f
light speed and power requirements from theoretical predictions yield
flight speeds that are lowest around weaning, power requirements that
increase consistently, and a cost of transport that decreases to a con
stant level at weaning. Thus, wing morphology of young may function to
maximize maneuverability and minimize energy requirements during the
vulnerable period of first flight. Wing loading of adult females fluct
uated greatly with seasonal changes in body mass. Wing loading of nonr
eproductive females, a factor of their greater wing area and lower bod
y mass, was significantly lower than in males. An upper limit on the a
bility to accomodate increased mass may affect wing morphology in this
species.