ANNUAL SUMMARY OF VITAL-STATISTICS - 1996

Several recent trends in the vital statistics of the United States con tinued in 1996, including an increase in life expectancy and declines in infant mortality, births to teenage mothers, age-adjusted death rat es, and death rates for children and adolescents. In 1996, there were an estimated 3914953 births in the United States. The preliminary birt h rate remained unchanged at 14.8 births per 1000 population, and the fertility rate, births per 1000 women 15 to 44 years of age, was essen tially the same at 65.7. Fertility rates rose slightly for most racial and ethnic groups except black women, for whom the rate hit a histori c low of 70.8. Overall, fertility remains particularly high for Hispan ic women, although there is considerable variation within this heterog enous group. For the fifth consecutive year, birth rates dropped for t eenagers. Birth rates for women greater than or equal to 30 years of a ge continued to increase. The birth rate for unmarried women declined 1% in 1996 to 44.6 births per 1000 unmarried women, continuing the dec line noted in 1995 for the first time in 2 decades. The percentage of women who began prenatal care in the first trimester rose in 1996 to 8 1.8%, whereas the percentage with late (third trimester) or no care dr opped to 4.1%. The rise in timely prenatal care was greatest for black and Hispanic women. The percentage of low birth weight (LBW) infants reached 7.4% in 1996, its highest level since 1975. The very low birth weight rate remained unchanged at 1.4%. The rise in LBW occurred prim arily among white women, whereas the LBW rate for black women dropped to 13.0%, the lowest rate reported since 1987. The rise among white wo men is only partially a result of increases in multiple births, becaus e LBW rates have also risen among white singleton births. The multiple birth ratio rose again in 1996 by 2%, as it has since 1980. The rise was particularly large for higher-order multiple births. Infant mortal ity reached an all time low level of 7.2 deaths per 1000 births, based on preliminary 1996 data. Neonatal and postneonatal rates declined, a s did rates for both black and white infants. National birth weight sp ecific mortality rates are reported here for the first time. In 1995, 63% of infant deaths occurred to the 7.3% of the population that was b orn LBW. The four leading cause of infant death were congenital anomal ies, disorders relating to short gestation and unspecified birth weigh t, sudden infant death syndrome, and respiratory distress syndrome, ac counting for more than half of infant deaths in 1996. Despite the decl ines in infant mortality, the United States continues to rank poorly i n international comparisons of infant mortality. Expectation of life a t birth reached a new high in 1996 of 76.1 years for all gender and ra ce groups combined. Age-adjusted mortality rates declined in 1996 for diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, accidents and adverse effects, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, an d suicide. They rose, as in the past several years, for chronic obstru ctive pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, and pneumonia and influen za. For the first time since human immunodeficiency virus infection wa s created as a special cause-of-death category in 1987, death rates fo r human immunodeficiency virus infection declined from 15.6 in 1995 to 11.6 in 1996. The homicide rate also declined, as it has since 1991. Death rates for children between 1 and 19 years of age declined in 199 6, with an estimated 29183 deaths to children. Unintentional injury mo rtality has dropped by similar to 50% among children and adolescents s ince 1979, although it remains the leading cause of death for all age groups of children from 1 to 19 years. Homicide was the fourth leading cause of death for children 1 to 4 and 5 to 9 years of age, the third leading cause for children 10 to 14, and the second leading cause for 15 to 19 year olds.