INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY-TRANSFER FOR CLIMATE-CHANGE MITIGATION AND THE CASES OF RUSSIA AND CHINA

The environmental agenda for mitigating climate change through interna tional transfers of technology is linked with a diverse literature, re viewed here within a framework that combines technological, agent/agen da, and market/transaction perspectives. Literature that bears on inte rnational technology transfer for climate change mitigation is similar in many ways for Russia and China: opportunities for energy efficienc y and renewable energy, economic reform and restructuring, the difficu lties enterprises face in responding to market conditions, internation al assistance policies, international joint ventures, market intermedi ation, and capacity building for market development. In both countries , capacity building means enhancing market-oriented capabilities in ad dition to technological capabilities. For Russia, institutional develo pment is critical, such as new commercial legal codes and housing-sect or changes beyond privatization. For China, technology policies and mo dernization programs significantly influence technology transfers.