ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF SMALL NUCLEAR-POWER REACTORS

Considerable efforts have been undertaken for development, design, con struction and operation of small nuclear power plants (SNPP) in Russia . Systematic work in this area was started in the mid-1950s. The drivi ng force for this activity was the awareness that the use of nuclear f uel would practically solve the problem of fuel transportation. As far as the remote northern regions are concerned, this provides the key a dvantage of nuclear over conventional energy sources. The activity in the field of SNPP has included pre-design analytical feasibility studi es and experimental research including large-scale experiments on crit ical assemblies, thermal and hydraulic test facilities, research and d evelopment work, construction and operation of pilot and demonstration SNPPs, and finally, construction and more than 20 years of operation of the commercial SNPP, namely Bilibino Nuclear Co-Generation Plant (N CGP) located in Chukotka autonomous district, which is one of the most remote regions in the far north-east of Russia. In recent years, stud ies have been carried out on the development of several new SNPP desig ns using advanced reactors of the new generation. Among these are the second stage of Bilibino NCGP, floating NCGP VOLNOLOM-3, designated fo r siting in the Arctic sea coast area, and a nuclear district heating plant for the town of Apatity, in the Murmansk region. In this paper, the background and current status of the SNPPs are given, and the prob lems as well as prospects of small nuclear reactors development and im plementation are considered. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.