THE COLONIZATION OF NATIVE PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS IN NORTH-AMERICA BY EXOTIC PARASITOIDS

Classical biological control could have a major environmental cost if introduced natural enemies colonize and disrupt native systems. Althou gh quantifying these impacts is difficult for systems already colonize d by natural enemies, the a priori condition for such impacts can be e valuated based on the extent to which exotics have acquired native hos ts. We use native host records for exotic parasitoids introduced into North America for biological control to document the number of exotic species that have been recorded from at least one native insect specie s. We also evaluate the ability of six biological and ecological varia bles to predict whether or not a parasitoid will move onto natives. Si xteen percent of 313 parasitoid species introduced against holometabol ous pests are known from natives. Further, the likelihood that a paras itoid had colonized native hosts was largely unpredictable with respec t to the independent variables. We conclude that given the quality of the data available either now or in the foreseeable future, coupled wi th inherent stochasticity in host shifts by parasitoids, there are no rules of thumb to assist biological control workers in evaluating if a n introduced parasitoid will colonize native insect communities.